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Vacuum energy refers to the underlying energy present in empty space, or "vacuum." In quantum field theory, even in a perfect vacuum devoid of matter, there are still fluctuations due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. These oscillations happen because pairs of virtual particles can spontaneously form and annihilate within very short time periods.

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  1. Quantum field theory
  2. Mathematical physics
  3. Applied mathematics
  4. Fields of mathematics
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