Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation

Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation are a fundamental concept in electromagnetism, representing how electromagnetic waves propagate through space. These solutions are characterized by their sinusoidal (sine or cosine) variations in magnitude and phase. ### Electromagnetic Wave Equation The electromagnetic wave equation in free space can be derived from Maxwell's equations and is generally expressed for an electric field \(\mathbf{E}\) or a magnetic field \(\mathbf{H}\).