History of computer companies

The history of computer companies is a fascinating journey through technological innovation, commercialization, and the evolution of the computer industry over decades. Below is a brief overview highlighting key milestones and notable companies: ### 1940s - 1950s: The Birth of Computing - **ENIAC (1945)**: Often considered the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, designed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.

Here are some notable computer companies listed by their year of disestablishment: ### 1970s - **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - 1998 (founded in 1957, one of the earliest and most influential computer companies). ### 1980s - **Commodore International** - 1994 (known for the Commodore 64, a popular home computer in the 1980s).

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1952, primarily as the industry was still in its early stages and underwent significant changes. One notable example is the **UNIVAC Division of Sperry Rand**. While UNIVAC itself did not completely shut down, the division underwent changes that eventually led to its integration into other companies or its transformation as technologies advanced.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1953, especially during the early years of the computer revolution when the industry was still evolving.

In 1955, several computer-related companies were disestablished, including: 1. **The UNIVAC Division of Remington Rand** - While Remington Rand itself continued as a company, the UNIVAC Division was significant in the early history of computing. The disestablishment often refers to the transition of the division to a different structure or ownership.

In 1956, several computer companies were disestablished as the industry was undergoing significant changes. One notable company that is often mentioned is **International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) - National Cash Register Division**, which faced a major restructuring during this period. Additionally, smaller companies that were part of the early computer industry and did not survive the rapid advancements and competition might also have been disestablished during this time.

In 1958, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations due to various reasons, including mergers, acquisitions, or market changes. One notable example is **General Motors Research Laboratories' computer division**, which was integrated into other parts of the company or moved away from computer production. The landscape of the computer industry was rapidly evolving during this period, and many companies that could not keep pace with advancements or competition were forced to close.

In 1966, several computer companies were disestablished, primarily due to the rapidly changing tech landscape, market dynamics, and mergers. One notable example is **Computer Automation, Inc. (CAI)**, which was involved in the development of early computing systems but ultimately ceased operations in that year. Additionally, some companies were absorbed or went out of business due to the competitive pressures of the emerging computer industry. However, detailed documentation on all disestablished companies can sometimes be sparse.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1968. One notable example is **Tandem Computers**, which was known for its fault-tolerant computer systems.

In 1970, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business as the technology landscape rapidly evolved. Some notable examples include: 1. **Data General Corporation** - Founded in 1968, Data General was known for its early minicomputers. While it was not completely disestablished until later, it faced significant challenges and declined in the early 1970s due to competition from larger companies like IBM.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1971, although detailed records may be less comprehensive than for larger, more well-known companies. One of the more notable disestablishments in that year was **Bendix Corporation's computer division**, which was integrated into Allied Signal after a series of mergers and acquisitions.

In 1972, several computer companies were either disestablished or significantly changed due to mergers, acquisitions, or other factors. One notable example is **National Semiconductor**, which was originally a manufacturer of analog devices and digital logic circuits before transitioning into the realm of computing. While it wasn't completely disestablished in 1972, it underwent significant changes during that period.

In 1973, a number of computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations, though the specifics can vary based on the context and the regions involved. One notable example is: 1. **General Motors Research Laboratories (GM Research)**: While primarily an automotive company, GM was heavily involved in computing and technology development during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

In 1975, several computer companies were either disestablished or ceased operations. One notable example is **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)**, which, while not fully disestablished until later, began a decline in 1975 following the introduction of personal computers that shifted the industry landscape. Another example includes **Computer Applications Corporation**, which was involved in creating various computing and software solutions.

In 1976, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business, although the specific information can be somewhat limited. One notable company that was disbanded that year is **Kenbak Corporation**, which is often credited with creating one of the first personal computers. The company struggled to compete in the emerging computer market and ceased operations in 1976.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1977, primarily due to the rapidly changing landscape of the technology industry during that era. Some notable companies that were disestablished or became defunct around that time include: 1. **Computer Technologies Inc. (CTI)** - Known for developing and marketing computer hardware and software, it struggled to compete and eventually ceased operations.

In 1978, several computer companies were disestablished due to various reasons such as mergers, acquisitions, or financial difficulties. One notable example is: - **Computer Automation, Inc.** was a company that specialized in computer automation and industrial computing but was ultimately disbanded or restructured around this time. Keep in mind that details might vary, and the landscape of the computer industry was rapidly changing during that period, leading to the rise and fall of various companies.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1979. One notable example is **Data General Corporation**, which faced significant challenges and competition during this period. Another example is **Computer Automation**, which was known for its business computers but ultimately went out of business.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1980, often due to the rapidly changing technology landscape and market conditions at the time. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Data General Corporation** - While Data General was a significant player in the minicomputer market during the 1970s, it faced increasing competition and financial difficulties, leading to changes in its operations around that time.

In 1981, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. One notable example is **The Computer Land Corporation**, a retail chain that focused on selling computers and related products. While there may not be many prominent or widely recognized computer companies that disbanded specifically in that year, the early 1980s was a significant time in the computing industry, marked by rapid change, the rise of personal computers, and the subsequent consolidation of many companies.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1982. One notable example is **Data General**, a major player in the minicomputer market during the 1970s. Although it continued to exist in some capacity beyond 1982, its decline began in earnest after this time, and it struggled to maintain competitiveness against emerging microcomputer technologies. Another example is **Symmetric Computer Systems**, which also faced challenges during this period.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1983. One of the notable companies is **Data General Corporation**, which was known for its mini-computers. Although it continued to exist after 1983, it faced significant decline in the early 1980s due to competition and eventually merged with other companies. Another company is **Vector Graphics, Inc.**, which produced personal computers and peripherals. It struggled in the highly competitive market and ceased operations around this time.

In 1984, several computer companies were disestablished, either through bankruptcy, mergers, or being absorbed by larger corporations. Notable examples include: 1. **Apple Computer's Lisa Division** - While not a disestablishment of the entire company, Apple effectively discontinued the Lisa line which was intended as a high-end system. The division that created the Lisa was disbanded.

In 1985, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business, often due to the rapidly changing technology landscape and market shifts. A notable example is **Data General**, which was a significant player in the minicomputer market. Data General struggled to compete with rising technologies and eventually faced financial difficulties that led to its acquisition by EMC Corporation in 1999, but it was significantly diminished in the years leading up to that.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1986, often due to mergers, acquisitions, or market changes. One notable example is **Data General Corporation**, which was a significant player in the minicomputer market before being acquired by EMC Corporation in 1999. Another example includes **Cromemco**, which focused on microcomputer hardware and software in the 1970s and early 1980s but faced challenges as the market shifted.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1987. Notable examples include: 1. **Data General** - Once a significant player in the minicomputer market, Data General faced stiff competition and financial difficulties, leading to its decline during the mid-1980s.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1988, reflecting the rapidly changing landscape of the technology industry during that period. Notable examples include: 1. **Data General Corporation** - A significant player in the minicomputer market, Data General faced increased competition and ultimately struggled to maintain its market position, leading to its acquisition by EMC Corporation in 1999.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1989. Some notable examples include: 1. **Data General Corporation** - Once a significant player in the mid-range computer market, Data General encountered increasing competition and financial difficulties, ultimately leading to its acquisition by EMC Corporation in 1999, but by the end of the 1980s, it was in decline.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1990. Some noteworthy examples include: 1. **Atari Corporation** - Once a major player in the video game and computer industry, Atari Corporation faced significant challenges and eventually ceased operations in 1990, although the brand has been revived in various forms in subsequent years.

In 1991, several computer companies were disestablished, either through mergers, acquisitions, or going out of business. Some notable examples include: 1. **1st Byte** - A company known for its computer systems and products. 2. **ComputerVision** - A company that specialized in 3D graphics software and hardware. 3. **Apex Software** - Known for software development; it ceased operations in the early 90s.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1992, often as a result of mergers, acquisitions, or market changes. Some notable examples include: 1. **Apollo Computer** - Known for its workstations and software, Apollo was acquired by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in 1989 and was effectively disestablished by 1992 as its products were integrated into HP's offerings.

In 1993, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business. One notable example is **NeXT**, which was co-founded by Steve Jobs. Although NeXT was officially dissolved in 1997 after being acquired by Apple, it ceased operations in 1993 when it shifted focus from hardware to software development, mainly for the purpose of developing the NeXTSTEP operating system.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1994. Some notable examples include: 1. **Commodore International** - Once one of the major players in the home computer market, Commodore filed for bankruptcy and ceased operations in 1994. The company is well-known for its Commodore 64 and Amiga computers.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1995. Some notable ones include: 1. **Apollo Computer** - A company known for its workstations and networking products, which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989 but continued some operations until officially being absorbed around 1995. 2. **DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)** - Although DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, certain parts of DEC's operations and branding were phased out around 1995.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1996. Some notable examples include: 1. **NetFrame Systems** - A company known for its network computing and server products, which faced financial difficulties and eventually filed for bankruptcy. 2. **Adept Technology** - Known for its robotics and automation products, the company went through significant changes and ultimately did not survive as an independent entity.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 1997. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Once a major player in the computer industry known for its minicomputers and workstations, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, leading to its dissolution as an independent company. 2. **Pointcast** - This company was known for its Internet news delivery service and was once considered a pioneer of push technology.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 1998 due to various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or business failures. Some notable companies that ceased operations or were significantly impacted in that year include: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - While DEC was officially acquired by Compaq in 1998, this marked the end of its existence as an independent entity. DEC was once a leading manufacturer of computer systems and was known for its PDP and Alpha series.

In 1999, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. While specific details about every company may vary, here are some notable examples of computer-related companies that were disbanded or went out of business in that year: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Originally a major player in the computer industry, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, and by 1999, its brand and it's separate company identity were largely phased out.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2000, often due to the dot-com bubble burst, economic challenges, or mergers and acquisitions. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Rover Technologies** - An early player in the mobile computing market, Rover faced difficulties and ultimately disbanded around this time.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2001 due to various reasons such as mergers, acquisitions, or bankruptcy. Some notable examples include: 1. **Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)** - Once a major player in the field of computers and networking, DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998 and subsequently disbanded.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2002. Notable examples include: 1. **Sirius Computer Solutions** - Once focused on providing computing solutions, the company underwent significant changes and was eventually disbanded. 2. **3Com** - Though not completely disbanded, this networking hardware company significantly downsized and underwent multiple restructuring processes in the early 2000s, which affected its operations profoundly around 2002.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2003. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Kozmo.com** - While primarily known as a delivery service, Kozmo also operated in the tech space, leveraging software and logistics technology. The company ceased operations in early 2003 due to financial struggles.

Several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business in 2004. Some notable examples include: 1. **Altavista** - Once a leading search engine, Altavista was ultimately absorbed by Yahoo! after its decline in market relevance. 2. **Flic** - Known for its personal digital assistants, Flic ceased operations around this time. 3. **MIPS Computer Systems** - While the MIPS architecture continues to be used, the original MIPS Computer Systems, Inc.

In 2005, several computer companies and technology firms were disestablished or ceased operations. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Apple's PowerComputing** - While the company was established in the 1990s, it became defunct in 2005. Power Computing was known for making Macintosh clones but struggled to compete after Apple moved to a more closed ecosystem.

In 2006, several notable computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. One prominent example is: 1. **SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc.)** - While SGI was founded in 1981, it faced significant financial difficulties in the early 2000s and eventually filed for bankruptcy in 2006. The company was known for its high-performance computing systems and graphics workstations, particularly in the fields of computer graphics and visualization.

In 2007, several computer companies and technology-related businesses were disestablished or experienced significant changes such as mergers, acquisitions, or closures. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Siebel Systems** - While Siebel was a software company, it was a significant player in the CRM space, and its full integration and branding as part of Oracle began to take shape around this time.

In 2008, several notable computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Some highlights include: 1. **Fujitsu Siemens Computers** - This was a joint venture between Fujitsu and Siemens that began in 1999. It was dissolved in 2009, but the impacts of its dissolution were felt in 2008 as Fujitsu began to take over the business.

In 2009, several computer companies were disestablished or went out of business. Some of the notable ones include: 1. **Sun Microsystems** - Acquired by Oracle Corporation in January 2010, Sun Microsystems was a significant player in the computer hardware and software industry, particularly known for its workstations, servers, and the Solaris operating system.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2010. Some notable examples include: 1. **Sun Microsystems** - While it was officially acquired by Oracle Corporation in early 2010, Sun as an independent entity was effectively disestablished during this transition. 2. **Palm, Inc.** - After being acquired by Hewlett-Packard in April 2010, Palm ceased to operate as an independent brand, marking its disestablishment.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2011, either due to mergers, acquisitions, or closure. Some notable examples include: 1. **Palm, Inc.** - Known for its handheld devices and smartphones, Palm was acquired by HP in 2010, but it officially ceased to exist as a standalone entity in 2011 when HP decided to discontinue the Palm brand and WebOS.

In 2012, several computer companies were disestablished, either through bankruptcy, acquisition, or cessation of operations. Some notable companies that fit this description include: 1. **Neverware** - A company known for its CloudReady operating system designed to convert older PCs into Chromebooks, it ceased operating as an independent entity after a series of changes in 2012.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2013. Notable examples include: 1. **Kodak (Kodak Imaging Network)** - Although Kodak as a company still exists, its imaging division faced significant downsizing and restructuring in 2012 and 2013, ultimately discontinuing certain products and services.

In 2014, several computer-related companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Nokia's Devices and Services Division**: While Nokia as a company still exists, it sold its Devices and Services Division to Microsoft in 2014, which effectively meant the end of Nokia as a significant player in the mobile phone market.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2015. Here are a few notable ones: 1. **BlackBerry Limited (formerly Research In Motion)** - While BlackBerry remains operational, it significantly pivoted away from its traditional hardware business in 2015, focusing more on software and services. 2. **ZTE's mobile unit in the U.S.** - ZTE faced significant challenges and began winding down operations within the U.S.

In 2016, a number of computer and technology companies were disestablished or went through significant changes, including mergers or acquisitions that effectively led to their dissolution. Some of these include: 1. **Micron Technology's Elpida Memory** - Micron acquired Elpida Memory in 2013, but the brand itself ran operations until it was fully integrated and ceased to exist as a standalone company.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2017. While I may not have a comprehensive list, here are a few notable examples: 1. **Nokia's Alcatel-Lucent** - Although Nokia acquired Alcatel-Lucent in 2016, the Alcatel-Lucent brand was phased out in 2017 as part of the integration process.

In 2018, several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Some notable examples include: 1. **Toshiba's PC Business**: Toshiba Corporation sold off its PC business, leading to the discontinuation of its Dynabook brand in the consumer laptop market. This marked a significant shift in the company's focus from personal computers to more profitable areas.

Here are some computer companies that were disestablished or ceased operations in 2019: 1. **Steinberg Media Technologies** - Known for its music production software, Steinberg was sold and restructured, leading to the discontinuation of some of its operations. 2. **Woot** - Originally known for its deals on computer hardware and gadgets, Woot was absorbed into Amazon, leading to a shift in its original operational model.

Several computer companies were disestablished or ceased operations in 2020. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **ZTE Corporation** – While ZTE did not fully disestablish in 2020, it faced significant challenges due to U.S. government sanctions and underwent restructuring amid financial difficulties. 2. **McAfee (the consumer division)** – McAfee's consumer division was sold to an investment firm, which essentially changed its structural identity, although not a complete disestablishment.

In 2021, several notable computer and technology companies were disestablished or ceased operations. Some of these include: 1. **Neoware**: Known for thin client computing, Neoware was acquired by HP in 2007 and among smaller tech firms, its brand was ultimately phased out. 2. **Avaya (certain divisions)**: While Avaya as a parent company continued to exist, certain divisions streamlined operations, leading to the discontinuation of specific computer and networking services.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2022 due to various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or business failures. Here are a few examples: 1. **Intel's NUC Group** - Intel announced it would discontinue its NUC (next unit of computing) business, which focused on compact PCs. 2. **Mellanox Technologies** - Although acquired earlier, the Mellanox brand was officially retired and absorbed into NVIDIA after its acquisition in 2020.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, there were no widely reported computer companies that were disestablished in that year. However, it's important to note that information might change over time, and there could be smaller or less publicized companies that ceased operations.

"Internet properties by year of disestablishment" refers to a classification of websites, platforms, or online services that were operational during a certain period and eventually ceased to exist. This can include social media platforms, content-sharing sites, forums, and other internet-based offerings that have been discontinued or shut down.

The term "service companies by year of disestablishment" generally refers to various service-oriented businesses that have ceased operations in specific years. This could encompass a wide range of industries such as hospitality, retail, banking, and technology. Unfortunately, there isn't a comprehensive list publicly available that categorizes service companies by their year of disestablishment, as it can vary greatly by region and sector.

The disestablishment of software companies occurs for various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or bankruptcy. However, as an AI language model, I don't have access to real-time databases to provide a comprehensive list of software companies disestablished by year.

Defunct computer companies are businesses that were once involved in the development, manufacturing, or sale of computer hardware, software, or services but have ceased operations or been dissolved. These companies may have closed due to various reasons, including financial difficulties, mergers and acquisitions, lack of innovation, or changes in market demand.

Australia has seen several computer companies rise and fall over the years, reflecting the broader trends in the tech industry. Here are some notable defunct computer companies from Australia: 1. **Data 3** - Originally known for hardware and software solutions, the company shifted focus over the years but has seen slow decline in its operations.

Brazil has a rich history of computing and technology, with several companies that have since become defunct. Some notable examples include: 1. **Gradiente**: Founded in 1964, Gradiente was known for manufacturing a range of electronic products, including computers. It was significant in the Brazilian tech landscape but faced financial difficulties and eventually became defunct. 2. **Tropcom**: This company was known for producing computers and electronics in Brazil during the late 20th century.

Canada has a history of several computer companies that were once notable but have since become defunct. Here are a few examples of such companies: 1. **Corel Corporation** - Founded in 1985, Corel was best known for its graphics software, including CorelDRAW. While the company still exists, it has drastically changed over the years and its original product lines have diminished.

Several computer companies in China have become defunct over the years, often due to market competition, strategic missteps, or the fast-paced nature of the technology industry. Here are a few notable examples: 1. **Legend Group (Lenovo's predecessor)** - While Lenovo as a brand still exists, the original Legend Group that was founded in 1984 diversified away from personal computers and shifted focus, leading to its transformation rather than outright defunct status.

Germany has had a number of notable computer companies that have since become defunct or ceased operations in some form. Some of these companies made significant contributions to the tech industry during their time. Here's a list of a few defunct German computer companies: 1. **Atari RG**: Originally part of the Atari brand, this division was based in Germany and was active in the 1980s and 90s. While Atari itself still exists, this particular division does not.

Israel has been home to numerous computer and technology companies, some of which have ceased operations or been defunct over the years. Here are a few notable defunct computer companies from Israel: 1. **Tadiran Communications** - Once a major player in telecommunications and computer systems, Tadiran faced various challenges and eventually split into different divisions or was sold off.

Italy has had a vibrant technology and computing sector, and while several companies have succeeded, many have also become defunct over the years. Some notable defunct computer companies from Italy include: 1. **Olivetti**: Founded in 1908, Olivetti was known for its typewriters and later became a significant player in the computing industry with products like computers and software.

Japan has a rich history of technology and innovation, which includes several computer companies that have become defunct over the years. Some notable defunct Japanese computer companies include: 1. **NEC Corporation** - While still operational, certain divisions that produced specific computers and products have been phased out or sold. NEC was a major player in the personal computer market in the 1980s and 1990s.

Sweden has a rich history in technology and computer manufacturing, hosting several companies that have since become defunct. Here are a few notable defunct computer companies from Sweden: 1. **DataGeneral Sweden**: Originally a subsidiary of the American company Data General Corporation, it was involved in creating minicomputers and later workstations before eventually closing its operations.

The United Kingdom has had a number of notable computer companies that are now defunct. Here are some examples: 1. **Acorn Computers**: Founded in 1978 and well-known for developing the BBC Micro, Acorn played a significant role in the home computer revolution in the 1980s. The company eventually shifted its focus to ARM technology, which it still licenses today, but it ceased trading as a computer manufacturer in the early 1990s.

Defunct computer companies of the United States refer to businesses that were once involved in the development, manufacturing, or selling of computer hardware, software, or services but have since ceased operations. The reasons for their closure can vary, including financial difficulties, mergers and acquisitions, changes in technology, or shifts in market demand. Here are some notable defunct computer companies in the U.S.

Defunct computer hardware companies are organizations that were once active in the design, manufacturing, or sale of computer hardware but have ceased operations. These companies may have gone out of business due to various factors, such as financial difficulties, market competition, technological changes, or mergers and acquisitions.

Defunct networking companies are organizations that were once active in providing networking products, services, or technologies but have ceased operations. This could be due to a variety of reasons, including bankruptcy, poor management, market changes, competitive pressures, or technological obsolescence.

Defunct software companies are organizations that were once active in the development, distribution, or sale of software products but have ceased operations. This can occur for various reasons, such as bankruptcy, acquisition, diminishing market relevance, or various other business challenges. When a software company becomes defunct, it typically means that: 1. **No New Products**: The company has stopped creating or releasing new software products or updates for existing ones.

Société d'électronique et d'automatisme typically refers to a company or organization involved in electronics and automation. While there may not be a single entity universally recognized by that name, many companies operating in fields such as industrial automation, robotics, control systems, and electronic systems could fall under this description. These types of organizations often focus on designing and manufacturing electronic components, systems for controlling machinery, and solutions for automating processes in various sectors, including manufacturing, transportation, and telecommunications.

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that allows users to edit and contribute content. Its history can be traced back to a few key milestones: 1. **Founding**: Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as a part of the non-profit organization Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia was initially conceived as a complementary project to Nupedia, a free encyclopedia that had a formal editorial process and was largely written by experts.

Conflict-of-interest (COI) editing on Wikipedia refers to the situation where individuals edit articles about themselves, their organizations, or topics in which they have a personal stake or significant interest. This is considered problematic because it can lead to biased or unethical edits that do not adhere to Wikipedia's principles of neutrality and verifiability. Wikipedia encourages editors to disclose their conflicts of interest, rather than editing from a biased perspective.

1Lib1Ref, short for "One Librarian, One Reference," is a global campaign aimed at improving the quality of content on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects by encouraging librarians and library professionals to add at least one reliable reference to Wikipedia articles that lack proper citations. The initiative was launched to help address the issue of citation gaps in Wikipedia content and to engage librarians in enhancing the reliability and credibility of information available on the platform.

In 2021, the Wikimedia Foundation took several actions and made decisions related to the Chinese Wikipedia (zh.wikipedia.org) in response to ongoing challenges around censorship and access in China. Here are some key highlights: 1. **Censorship Issues**: The Chinese Wikipedia has faced significant censorship challenges in mainland China, including periodic blocks and restrictions. The Wikimedia Foundation has continued to support the ability of communities to operate independently and advocate for free knowledge.

In Russia, the term "block of Wikipedia" likely refers to the country's government actions to restrict access to Wikipedia and its content, particularly in response to specific entries that the authorities consider to be in violation of Russian laws or regulations. The Russian government has been known to impose restrictions on various online platforms, including Wikipedia, especially concerning topics related to politics, history, and certain sensitive subjects.

The "Block of Wikipedia in Turkey" refers to the government's decision to restrict access to the Turkish version of Wikipedia. This ban was imposed in April 2017, when the Turkish authorities blocked the site, claiming that it contained content that was deemed to support or promote terrorism and was offensive to Turkey. The ban sparked widespread criticism from free speech advocates, human rights organizations, and many Wikipedia contributors globally.

As of my last update in October 2023, the term "block of Wikipedia in Venezuela" likely refers to restricted access to Wikipedia and its various language versions in Venezuela. There have been instances where governments restrict internet access to limit the flow of information. In Venezuela, these restrictions have included blocking websites and censoring content that is critical of the government or that presents information contrary to official narratives.

Bomis was an internet company founded in 1996 by Jimbo Wales and Angela Beesley. It initially functioned as a web portal and search engine, but it is best known for being the founding organization behind Wikipedia. Bomis was also involved in the creation of other collaborative projects and contributed to the free content movement. The company's focus on open content and knowledge sharing laid the groundwork for the later success of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Chicago Options Associates is a financial services firm that specializes in options trading and education. The company may offer various services, including trading strategies, market analysis, risk management, and educational resources for individuals interested in trading options. The firm is likely to be involved in helping traders understand the complexities of options markets, providing insights into market trends, and developing tailored trading strategies.

Citizendium is a free online encyclopedia that aims to improve upon the model of collaborative writing and editing established by Wikipedia. Founded in 2006 by Larry Sanger, a co-founder of Wikipedia, Citizendium differentiates itself by emphasizing the contribution of expert authors and requiring contributors to use their real names.

"Crnogorska Enciklopedija" is a comprehensive encyclopedia dedicated to Montenegro, its history, culture, geography, and notable figures. It serves as a vital resource for information on various aspects of Montenegrin life and may include entries on historical events, prominent individuals, cultural practices, and geographical features. This type of encyclopedia is typically used for educational purposes and research, providing readers with a succinct yet informative overview of the subject matter related to Montenegro.

DBpedia is a project aimed at extracting structured content from the information created in Wikipedia and making it available on the web in a machine-readable format. By converting Wikipedia's unstructured content into a structured format, DBpedia enables users to query the information using standard semantic web technologies, such as RDF (Resource Description Framework) and SPARQL (an RDF query language).

Deletion of articles on Wikipedia refers to the process by which entries (or articles) on the platform may be removed or deleted from the encyclopedia. This can happen for several reasons, including: 1. **Notability**: The subject of the article does not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines, which require that topics have received significant coverage from reliable, independent sources.

Deletionpedia is a website that serves as an archive for content that has been deleted from Wikipedia. The site was created to preserve information that has been removed from Wikipedia pages, often due to not meeting Wikipedia's inclusion criteria or policies, such as notability or verifiability. Users can browse and search for deleted content, including articles and edits that were considered non-compliant with Wikipedia's guidelines.

Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español is a free online encyclopedia that aims to provide a comprehensive resource of information in Spanish. It was founded in 2002 and is modeled after Wikipedia, but it is designed to be a culturally specific resource for Spanish-speaking users. The content is contributed and edited by volunteers, making it a collaborative platform similar to other wiki-based projects.

The Essjay controversy refers to a significant incident involving a prominent user on Wikipedia known as Essjay, whose real name is Ryan Jordan. Essjay gained recognition as an authoritative editor within the Wikipedia community, especially for his expertise in certain subjects such as theology and philosophy. The controversy began in early 2007 when it was revealed that Essjay had misrepresented himself as a tenured professor of theology.

The first edit on Wikipedia was made on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales, one of the co-founders of Wikipedia. The initial version of the site was created as a free online encyclopedia, with the intention of providing a collaborative platform for volunteers to contribute knowledge. The first entry was for the term "UuU" (which refers to a hypothetical language), though it was edited quickly and the content has evolved significantly since then.

Gene Wiki is an initiative aimed at creating a comprehensive, collaborative resource for information about genes and their functions. It is part of a larger trend in scientific communication that leverages the principles of wikis to allow scientists, researchers, and the public to contribute to, edit, and improve the information available on genes. This platform collects data on gene sequences, functions, associated diseases, and interactions, often pulling from various databases and publications to provide a centralized reference.

George Mason University (GMU) is known for a few notable incidents that can be characterized as hoaxes or pranks throughout its history. Here are a couple of examples: 1. **The "The Clown University" Hoax (1970s)**: In the mid-1970s, a satirical prank emerged where a group of students claimed that George Mason University would start offering a degree in "Clown Studies.

The "Henryk Batuta" hoax refers to a fabricated story about a fictional Polish mountaineer who supposedly climbed all 14 of the world's 8,000-meter peaks without supplemental oxygen. This tale circulated in various contexts, often highlighting themes of adventure, endurance, and the human spirit. The whole story was a hoax, as no evidence supported the existence of Henryk Batuta or his purported achievements.

The Hillsborough disaster refers to a tragic event that occurred on April 15, 1989, at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England. It was a human crush during an FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, resulting in the deaths of 97 Liverpool supporters and injuries to hundreds of others. The disaster is one of the worst sporting tragedies in British history.

The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) is a UK-based charity that works to eliminate online child sexual abuse imagery. It operates a reporting mechanism that allows the public to report URLs containing child sexual exploitation content. The IWF investigates these reports and works with internet service providers and law enforcement to remove such content from the internet. The organization also engages in prevention efforts and collaborates with various stakeholders to raise awareness about online safety and child protection.

Jimmy Wales is an American internet entrepreneur best known as the co-founder of Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia that allows users to create and edit articles collaboratively. Wales was born on August 7, 1966, in Huntsville, Alabama. He co-founded Wikipedia in 2001 along with Larry Sanger, and it has since grown to become one of the largest and most popular reference websites on the internet.

The "List of Wikipedia controversies" refers to various incidents and debates that have arisen around the content, editing practices, community behaviors, and policies within Wikipedia. Some notable controversies include: 1. **Biased Editing**: Concerns regarding systemic bias in articles, particularly in relation to gender, race, and culture, often stemming from underrepresentation of certain groups among Wikipedia editors.

I don't have access to real-time or live databases. However, I can provide some general context regarding the topic of banned Wikipedia pages in Russia. Russia has been known to restrict access to certain online content, including specific pages on Wikipedia, if they are deemed to violate laws or present information that the authorities find inappropriate or harmful. This can include topics related to drugs, extremism, or information that may be considered offensive to state beliefs or morals.

MediaWiki is a free and open-source wiki software platform developed primarily for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects. It is written in PHP and uses a MySQL or MariaDB database to store its content. MediaWiki is designed to facilitate the collaborative creation and editing of content, allowing multiple users to create and modify pages easily. Key features of MediaWiki include: 1. **Version Control**: It keeps track of changes made to pages, allowing users to view and revert to previous versions if necessary.

The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) in the United Kingdom and the Wikimedia Foundation have been involved in a copyright dispute primarily related to the rights and licensing of images of certain artworks and portraits held by the NPG. This dispute arises from the broader context of copyright law concerning the reproduction of images of artworks, especially those created by artists who are no longer living.

Nupedia was a free online encyclopedia project that operated from 2000 to 2003. It was developed by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as a precursor to Wikipedia. Nupedia aimed to create a high-quality, peer-reviewed encyclopedia with articles written by experts in various fields. Unlike Wikipedia, which allows anyone to edit articles, Nupedia had a more formal editorial process that required contributors to submit articles for review by a panel of qualified editors.

The protests against SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) and PIPA (Protect IP Act) were significant events that took place in early 2012 in response to proposed legislation in the United States aimed at combating online copyright infringement. **Background:** - **SOPA:** Introduced in the House of Representatives, SOPA aimed to give copyright holders the ability to take down infringing content and block access to foreign websites that hosted or linked to pirated content.

Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons involves a process for users to flag, remove, and report inappropriate content, including images that contain child exploitation or pornography. Wikimedia Commons is a media repository associated with the Wikimedia Foundation, which aims to provide freely licensed media files to be used by anyone. If a user encounters child pornography or other illegal content, they are encouraged to report it immediately.

Steven Pruitt is known for his significant contributions to Wikipedia, where he has become one of the platform's most prolific editors. He has been recognized for his efforts in expanding and improving content, particularly in areas such as history, literature, and science. Pruitt's work on Wikipedia has earned him media attention and accolades for his dedication to open knowledge and collaborative editing. Additionally, he has taken on leadership roles within the Wikipedia community, advocating for policy changes and supporting other contributors.

"The Wikipedia Revolution" is a term that generally refers to the significant changes brought about by the rise of Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia that allows users to collaboratively create and edit content. The phrase is also associated with the book titled "The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia" authored by Andrew Lih, published in 2009. In the book, Lih explores the history, principles, and impact of Wikipedia since its inception in 2001.

United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia refer to the practice where aides or staff members of members of Congress edit Wikipedia pages, often to update or correct information related to their bosses, legislative actions, or other relevant topics. This can include editing biographical information, correcting facts, or adding recent developments. The phenomenon has raised questions about transparency and potential conflicts of interest.

UseModWiki is a wiki software that was created by Ward Cunningham, the original developer of the first wiki, WikiWikiWeb. Released in 2000, UseModWiki was designed to be a simple and lightweight wiki platform that allowed users to collaboratively create and edit content on the web. The software is written in Perl and is known for its simplicity and ease of use, making it accessible for individuals and small groups who want to set up a wiki without extensive technical knowledge.

As of my last update in October 2023, Wikidumper.org is a website that provides users with the ability to download and access dumps of Wikipedia content. These dumps are typically large files containing the complete text and metadata of Wikipedia articles, which can be useful for researchers, developers, or anyone interested in offline access to the information on Wikipedia. The site may offer various formats for the dumps, such as XML or JSON, and users might access content in different languages depending on the available resources.

Wikimedia censorship in mainland China refers to the restrictions imposed by the Chinese government on access to Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons. This censorship is part of the broader internet censorship regime in China, commonly referred to as the "Great Firewall." Here are some key points about Wikimedia censorship in mainland China: 1. **Blocking of Sites**: Wikipedia, along with other Wikimedia projects, has been intermittently blocked in China.

"Wikipedia @ 20" refers to the celebration of the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia, which was launched on January 15, 2001. Wikipedia has grown remarkably since its inception, becoming one of the most widely used reference websites globally. The 20th anniversary marked a time to reflect on Wikipedia's impact on information sharing, knowledge accessibility, community collaboration, and the evolution of digital content.

Wikipedia Review was an online forum that focused on discussions related to Wikipedia and other projects that are part of the Wikimedia Foundation. The forum allowed users to discuss various aspects of Wikipedia, including editorial practices, controversies, policies, and community dynamics. It often featured critiques of Wikipedia's content and policing, as well as discussions about the broader impact of the platform on knowledge dissemination. Built around a community of contributors, Wikipedia Review allowed for a range of viewpoints, including those critical of Wikipedia's governance and content.

The Seigenthaler biography incident refers to a notable episode that occurred in November 2005 involving Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia that allows users to edit its content. The incident centered around the biography of John Seigenthaler Sr., a prominent American journalist and political figure. In this case, a false entry was created in Seigenthaler's Wikipedia page, stating that he was involved in the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.

The Wikipedia logo consists of a stylized globe made up of puzzle pieces, with some pieces missing and others in place. The globe represents the vastness of knowledge and the collaborative effort of contributors around the world. Each puzzle piece is inscribed with characters from different writing systems, symbolizing the diverse languages and cultures that contribute to Wikipedia. The design highlights Wikipedia's mission to provide free access to knowledge globally.

Wikipediocracy is an online community and forum dedicated to discussing and analyzing issues related to Wikipedia and its editing culture. It serves as a platform for critics of Wikipedia, focusing on topics such as editorial disputes, governance, content quality, and the behavior of Wikipedia editors and administrators. The site allows users to share their experiences, express opinions, and engage in discussions about the challenges and perceived shortcomings of Wikipedia as a collaborative encyclopedia.

Wikirank.com is a website that provides analytics and ranking information for Wikipedia. It allows users to explore various metrics related to Wikipedia pages, such as page views, edits, and other engagement statistics. The site often visualizes data related to the popularity and activity of different Wikipedia articles, helping users understand trends and the most visited topics on the platform. Additionally, it may provide insights into the performance of Wikipedia in different languages and regions.

"Works" could refer to several things when discussing computer and internet companies, but it seems like you might be referring to a company or organization by that name, or perhaps a piece of software or platform. Without more context, it's tough to provide a precise answer.

There are several books that explore the history, culture, and impact of computer and internet companies. Here are some noteworthy titles: 1. **"The Innovators" by Walter Isaacson** - This book explores the history of the digital revolution and highlights contributions from key figures, including those from computer and internet companies.

"Works" in the context of Apple Inc. typically refers to the various software and hardware products that the company develops, as well as its overall business model and ecosystem. However, the term "Works" can also specifically refer to Apple iWork, which is a suite of productivity applications that includes: 1. **Pages**: A word processing application similar to Microsoft Word. 2. **Numbers**: A spreadsheet application comparable to Microsoft Excel.

"Works" in the context of Facebook can refer to several concepts depending on how it's being used. Here are a few interpretations: 1. **Business Functionality**: If "Works" is referring to the functionalities within Facebook for businesses, it includes tools like Facebook Ads, Pages, and Insights that help businesses promote their products, engage with customers, and analyze their performance on the platform.

"Works" could refer to a variety of concepts or services related to Google, but it seems you might be referring to "Google Workspace." Google Workspace is a productivity and collaboration suite developed by Google. It includes various tools and applications designed to help individuals and teams work together effectively. Key features of Google Workspace include: 1. **Gmail**: Professional email service with custom domain options. 2. **Google Drive**: Cloud storage service for storing files and sharing them with others.

Microsoft Works was an office suite developed by Microsoft, designed for home and small business users. It included several applications, such as a word processor, a spreadsheet program, and a database manager, all offering a simpler and more user-friendly alternative to Microsoft Office. Works was commonly bundled with earlier versions of Windows and was particularly popular in the 1990s and early 2000s.

"Works" may refer to various aspects of Uber as a company, including its business model, operational structure, or technology. Here's an overview of key components of how Uber operates: 1. **Business Model**: Uber primarily functions as a ride-hailing platform, connecting drivers with passengers through its mobile app. It generates revenue by taking a commission from each ride.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is no widely recognized entity or service known as "Futmalls." It could potentially refer to a specific online platform, brand, or concept that emerged after that date or is not broadly known.

"Works" can refer to various contexts or works focusing on computer and internet entrepreneurs. If you are referring to a specific book, article, or project, please clarify. However, I can provide a general overview of what works about computer and internet entrepreneurs typically cover. 1. **Biographies and Autobiographies**: These works often delve into the lives of renowned entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Elon Musk, and Mark Zuckerberg, detailing their journeys, challenges, and innovations.

There are many excellent books about computer and internet entrepreneurs that provide insights into their journeys, challenges, and successes. Here are some noteworthy titles: 1. **"Steve Jobs" by Walter Isaacson** - A biography of the co-founder of Apple, offering insights into his life, vision, and impact on technology.

There are several films that center around computer and internet entrepreneurs, highlighting their journeys, innovations, and the impact they’ve had on the technology landscape. Here are some notable examples: 1. **The Social Network (2010)** - This biographical drama directed by David Fincher tells the story of Mark Zuckerberg, the co-founder of Facebook, and how the platform came to be. It explores themes of ambition, friendship, and betrayal in the context of the tech world.

The term "Works about Steve Jobs" could refer to various biographical books, documentaries, and films that focus on the life and career of Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple Inc. Here are some notable works related to him: 1. **"Steve Jobs" by Walter Isaacson** - This biography, published in 2011, is one of the most comprehensive accounts of Jobs's life.

Apple Inc. has a rich and dynamic history, characterized by innovation and market disruption. Here's an overview of the company's journey: ### Foundation and Early Years (1976-1980s) - **1976**: Apple was founded on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in Cupertino, California.

The 2014 celebrity nude photo leak, often referred to as “Celebgate” or “The Fappening,” was a significant incident involving the unauthorized sharing of private and intimate photographs of numerous celebrities. These photos were reportedly obtained through a security breach of Apple's iCloud service, exploiting vulnerabilities in the accounts of various high-profile individuals.

The Apple Museum in Prague is dedicated to the history and innovations of Apple Inc. It showcases a vast collection of Apple products, memorabilia, and artifacts that span the company’s history from its inception in 1976 to the present day. The museum features a range of items, including vintage computers, early models of the Macintosh, various versions of the iPhone, iPad, and additional accessories, providing a comprehensive look at the evolution of Apple's technology and design.

The history of the iPhone is a fascinating journey through technology, design, and innovation. Here is a chronological overview of the key milestones in the development of the iPhone: ### 2000s: Concept and Development - **Early 2000s:** Before the iPhone, Apple was primarily known for its Macintosh computers and later, the iPod.

The history of Google is a fascinating tale of innovation, entrepreneurship, and technological evolution. Here’s an overview of the key milestones: ### 1. Founding and Early Development (1996-1998) - **1995**: Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two PhD students at Stanford University, begin collaborating on a project called "Backrub," which is an early search engine that ranks pages based on the number of backlinks.

YouTube, the popular video-sharing platform, has a rich history that traces back to its creation in the early 2000s. Here’s a brief overview of its development: ### Founding (2005) - **Creation**: YouTube was founded in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim. The platform was launched to provide a simple way for users to upload, share, and view videos.

The 2018 Google walkouts were a series of protests held by Google employees in November 2018. The walkouts were organized in response to the company's handling of sexual harassment allegations and the treatment of employees who reported such misconduct. The protests stemmed from a New York Times report that detailed how Google had reportedly paid millions of dollars in severance packages to executives accused of sexual harassment, effectively allowing them to leave the company without facing any significant consequences.

"Don't be evil" is a corporate motto that was famously associated with Google. It was introduced as part of the company's mission statement, meant to underscore the importance of ethical behavior and making decisions that would not harm users or society at large. The phrase implied a commitment to integrity and responsible business practices. Over the years, it became a point of reference for discussions about corporate ethics in the tech industry and was often cited in critiques of companies that engaged in questionable practices.

Here's a timeline highlighting key milestones in the development and evolution of Google Search: ### 1996-1997: Beginnings - **1996**: Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Ph.D. students at Stanford University, begin developing a search engine called "Backrub" that analyzes the web's "back links" to determine a site's importance.

IBM, or International Business Machines Corporation, has a rich history that spans over a century, marked by innovation, evolution, and a significant impact on the technology landscape. Here are key milestones in IBM's history: ### Early Years (1888 - 1924) - **1888**: IBM's roots can be traced back to the establishment of Bundy Manufacturing Company, which produced time recording systems.

IBM has a longstanding presence in Israel, dating back to the mid-1970s. The company's research and development activities in Israel have significantly influenced both IBM's global innovations and the local tech ecosystem. Here are some key milestones and highlights of IBM's research history in Israel: 1. **Establishment**: IBM established its first research lab in Israel in 1970, called the IBM Scientific Center, in Haifa. This center focused on software development and systems research.

Microsoft Corporation, founded on April 4, 1975, is an American multinational technology company that has become one of the most influential enterprises in history. Here's a brief overview of its history: ### 1970s: Founding and Early Years - **1975**: Microsoft was created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Initially, the company was called "Micro-Soft," a portmanteau of "microcomputer" and "software.

Microsoft acquisitions refer to the process by which Microsoft Corporation, a major technology company, purchases other companies to enhance its product offerings, expand its market reach, or integrate new technologies. Over the years, Microsoft has made numerous acquisitions across various sectors, including software, hardware, gaming, cloud services, and artificial intelligence. Some of the notable acquisitions by Microsoft include: 1. **LinkedIn (2016)**: Microsoft acquired the professional networking platform LinkedIn for approximately $26.

The 2009 Sidekick data loss refers to a significant incident that affected a number of users of Microsoft's Sidekick, a smartphone originally created by Danger, which was later acquired by Microsoft. In October 2009, a server failure at Danger led to the loss of personal data for countless Sidekick users, including contacts, calendars, and photos.

"An Open Letter to Hobbyists" is often a call to action or a message directed towards hobbyists in various fields, encouraging them to reflect on their passions, ethics, and practices. While the specifics of such a letter can vary widely depending on the context and audience, common themes may include: 1. **Encouragement**: Acknowledging the joy and creativity that hobbies bring to individuals and communities.

"Barbarians Led by Bill Gates" is a documentary that premiered in 2021. It focuses on the relationship between technology, capital, and the influence of corporate interests, particularly examining the role of Bill Gates and his philanthropic efforts through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The film critically explores how the influence of wealthy individuals and organizations can shape global health, education, and other sectors, sometimes leading to unintended consequences.

Bill Gates is an American business magnate, software developer, philanthropist, and author. He co-founded Microsoft Corporation in 1975, which became the world's largest personal-computer software company. Gates was instrumental in the development of the company's software products, particularly the Windows operating system, which became widely used in personal computers. He was born on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington.

The Compass Bank Building, located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is a notable structure in the downtown area. It is recognized for its modern architectural design and its role in the commercial landscape of the city. The building serves as an office space and is associated with Compass Bank, which is part of the larger BBVA USA banking group. The building contributes to the skyline of Albuquerque and is part of the city's efforts to enhance its urban environment.

Internet Explorer (IE) is a web browser developed by Microsoft, first released in 1995. Its history is closely tied to the evolution of the internet and web standards. Here’s a brief overview of the key milestones in the history of Internet Explorer: ### 1. Origins and Initial Releases (1995-1999) - **1995**: Internet Explorer was introduced as part of the Windows 95 Plus! add-on package.

Microsoft Flight Simulator is a series of flight simulation video games developed by Microsoft. The franchise has a long and storied history, evolving significantly since its inception in the early 1980s. Here's a brief overview of the key points in the history of Microsoft Flight Simulator: ### 1. **Origins (1982-1989)** - **Microsoft Flight Simulator (FS1)**: The first version was released in 1982 for the IBM PC.

Microsoft Office is a suite of productivity applications developed by Microsoft. Its history spans several decades and is marked by significant developments in software technology and changes in user needs. Here’s an overview of its evolution: ### Predecessors and Early Versions (1980s - Early 1990s) - **1983:** Microsoft launched its first Office product, Microsoft Word, originally for MS-DOS. It quickly became popular due to its user-friendly interface and features that rivaled other word processors.

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) developed by Microsoft. It has a long history of development and innovation, marked by the introduction of various versions and features over the years. Here’s a brief overview of its history: ### 1980s: The Beginning - **1989**: Microsoft partnered with Sybase and Ashton-Tate to develop a version of SQL Server for OS/2.

Microsoft Word is a widely used word processing program developed by Microsoft. Its history reflects the evolution of computing technology and the growing need for more sophisticated document creation tools. Here is an overview of the history of Microsoft Word: ### 1.

ILoo was a proposed portable toilet concept that aimed to provide a more innovative and high-tech solution for public restrooms. The concept was introduced around 2007 and was marketed as a "public restroom experience" that included features such as internet access, music, and other amenities, making it a more inviting space. The idea gained some attention, but it ultimately did not become widely implemented.

Microsoft Windows has had numerous versions since its inception. Below is a list of the major versions of the Windows operating system, along with their release years: 1. **Windows 1.0** - Released in 1985 2. **Windows 2.0** - Released in 1987 3. **Windows 3.0** - Released in 1990 4. **Windows 3.1** - Released in 1992 5.

Martin Andrew Taylor could refer to several individuals, but without additional context, it's difficult to determine precisely who you are inquiring about. In general, the name might belong to a professional in fields such as finance, academia, sports, or other industries.

Microsoft Windows has a rich history, with numerous versions released since its initial launch. Here's a brief overview of the major versions of Windows: ### 1. Windows 1.0 (1985) - The first version of Windows, serving as a graphical shell for MS-DOS, allowing users to use a mouse to navigate rather than typing commands. ### 2. Windows 2.0 (1987) - Improved graphical user interface (GUI) and better support for overlapping windows.

Microsoft, a technology company founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, is known for its software products, notably the Windows operating system and Microsoft Office suite. Over the years, Microsoft has evolved significantly in its approach to technology and software development, including its interactions with open source. ### Microsoft and Open Source 1. **Historical Context**: - Traditionally, Microsoft was viewed as a proprietary software company, focusing on closed-source software solutions.

"Microsoft litigation" generally refers to various legal disputes and lawsuits involving Microsoft Corporation, a major American technology company. Over the years, Microsoft has been involved in numerous legal cases, including antitrust lawsuits, patent disputes, intellectual property conflicts, and cases related to software licensing. One of the most significant cases was the antitrust lawsuit filed by the U.S.

Patch Tuesday is a term used to refer to the second Tuesday of each month when Microsoft releases updates for its software products, including security patches, bug fixes, and other improvements. The purpose of Patch Tuesday is to provide consistent, scheduled updates to help protect computers and networks from vulnerabilities and ensure that software runs smoothly. The updates generally include: 1. **Security updates**: Fixes for security vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

Paul Allen was an American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and investor, best known as the co-founder of Microsoft alongside Bill Gates. He was born on January 21, 1953, and passed away on October 15, 2018. Allen played a crucial role in the early development of personal computing and the software industry. Beyond Microsoft, Allen was involved in various ventures and investments across diverse fields, including technology, science, and entertainment. He founded the investment firm Vulcan Inc.

The proposed acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft involves Microsoft's plan to acquire the video game company Activision Blizzard for approximately $68.7 billion. This deal was announced in January 2022 and is one of the largest acquisitions in the technology and gaming industries. The acquisition is intended to enhance Microsoft's gaming portfolio, particularly with the inclusion of popular franchises such as Call of Duty, World of Warcraft, and Diablo.

Here's a timeline highlighting key events in the history of Microsoft: ### 1970s - **1975**: Bill Gates and Paul Allen create "Micro-Soft," a combination of "microcomputer" and "software," to develop a BASIC interpreter for the Altair 8800. - **1976**: The name is officially shortened to "Microsoft." - **1979**: Microsoft moves its headquarters from Albuquerque, New Mexico, to Bellevue, Washington.

Tony Bove is a professional involved in various ventures, mainly recognized as an author and a speaker in the fields of technology and digital media. He has a background in music and has written books related to music production, recording, and technology, particularly focusing on Apple products and software like GarageBand and Logic Pro. In addition to his books, he has been known for providing insights and tutorials about music creation and software on different platforms.

"Where do you want to go today?" is a well-known tagline from Microsoft, introduced during the late 1990s as part of its advertising campaign for Internet Explorer. The slogan was intended to convey a sense of exploration and possibility that the internet offered to users, inviting them to think about the vast array of information and experiences they could access online.

Windows 1.0, released by Microsoft in November 1985, was the first version of the Windows operating system, designed as a graphical user interface for MS-DOS. It aimed to provide a more user-friendly way to interact with the computer, utilizing windows, icons, and menus, which were revolutionary at the time compared to the text-based interfaces that dominated computing. Key features of Windows 1.

Windows 10, version 1511, also known as the November Update or Threshold 2, is the first significant update for Windows 10, released in November 2015. This update followed the original launch of Windows 10 in July 2015 and brought several new features, improvements, and bug fixes aimed at enhancing the user experience.

Windows 10, version 1607, also known as the Windows 10 Anniversary Update, was a significant update released by Microsoft on August 2, 2016. This version introduced new features, enhancements, and improvements to the Windows operating system. Key highlights of Windows 10, version 1607 include: 1. **Windows Ink**: This feature provided a set of tools for pen input, allowing users to draw and annotate on their devices.

Windows 10, version 1703, also known as the Creators Update, was a major update for Windows 10 released by Microsoft on April 5, 2017. This update was part of the ongoing development and enhancement of the Windows 10 operating system and included various new features, improvements, and fixes.

Windows 10, version 1709, also known as the Fall Creators Update, is a major update to the Windows 10 operating system released by Microsoft on October 17, 2017. It is part of Microsoft's ongoing efforts to provide feature updates to Windows 10 on a regular basis.

Windows 10, version 1803 is a major update to the Windows 10 operating system, released in April 2018. This version is also known by its codename "April 2018 Update." It introduced a number of significant features and improvements, including: 1. **Timeline**: This feature allows users to see a history of their activities across devices, making it easy to resume tasks where they left off.

Windows 10, version 1809, also known as the October 2018 Update, is a major update to Microsoft's Windows 10 operating system. It was released on October 2, 2018, and included various new features, improvements, and enhancements over previous versions. Some key components of Windows 10, version 1809 include: 1. **My People**: A feature that allows users to pin their favorite contacts to the taskbar for easier access to communication tools.

Windows 10, version 1903, also known as the May 2019 Update, is a significant feature update for Microsoft's Windows 10 operating system. It was officially released to the public on May 21, 2019. This update introduced several new features, improvements, and optimizations to enhance user experience and system performance.

Windows 10, version 1909, also known as the November 2019 Update, is a feature update for Windows 10 that was officially released by Microsoft on November 12, 2019. This update is notable for being a relatively minor update compared to previous feature updates, focusing primarily on performance improvements, quality enhancements, and some new features rather than major changes.

Windows 10, version 2004, also known as the May 2020 Update, is one of the feature updates for Microsoft’s Windows 10 operating system. Released in May 2020, this version introduced several new features and improvements over previous versions. Notable features of Windows 10, version 2004 include: 1. **Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 (WSL 2)**: An updated version of WSL that provides a Linux kernel running directly on Windows.

Windows 10, version 20H2, also known as the October 2020 Update, is a feature update released by Microsoft for the Windows 10 operating system. It was officially announced in September 2020 and began rolling out to users in October 2020.

Windows 10, version 21H1, also known as the May 2021 Update, is one of the feature updates for the Windows 10 operating system. It was released by Microsoft in May 2021 as part of the regular semi-annual update cycle for Windows 10.

Windows 10, originally released by Microsoft on July 29, 2015, is an operating system that marks a significant evolution in the Windows line. It aimed to unify the Windows experience across multiple devices, including PCs, tablets, and smartphones. Here are some key features and characteristics of the original release: 1. **User Interface:** Windows 10 brought back the Start Menu, which had been absent in Windows 8.

Windows 10 Mobile is an operating system developed by Microsoft for smartphones and other mobile devices. It was part of the broader Windows 10 family and aimed to provide a consistent experience across devices. Below is the version history of Windows 10 Mobile, including major updates and releases: ### Initial Release 1. **Windows 10 Mobile (version 1507)**: Released in November 2015 as the first version of Windows 10 Mobile.

Windows 10 has undergone numerous updates and version changes since its initial release. Here's a summary of its version history, including major updates and features: ### Initial Release - **Version 1507 (Threshold 1)**: Released on July 29, 2015, this was the original version of Windows 10. ### Major Updates 1.

Windows 11 was officially announced by Microsoft on June 24, 2021, and it began rolling out to users starting on October 5, 2021. Below is a summary of the version history and significant updates for Windows 11: ### Initial Release - **Windows 11 (Version 21H2)**: This is the initial release, which became generally available on October 5, 2021.

Windows 2.0x refers to a series of early versions of Microsoft's Windows operating system that were part of the second major release of Windows. Specifically, Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and it was followed by Windows 2.03 in 1988 and Windows 2.1x in 1989. Windows 2.0 introduced several improvements and features over its predecessor, Windows 1.

Windows 2.1x refers to a series of graphical operating environments developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows operating system family, specifically released in the late 1980s. More specifically, it includes two versions: Windows 2.1 and Windows 2.11. Here are some key points about Windows 2.1x: 1. **Release Date**: Windows 2.1 was released in 1988, while Windows 2.

Windows 3.0 is a graphical user interface (GUI) operating system developed by Microsoft, released on May 22, 1990. It was the third major release in the Windows operating system line, following Windows 1.0 and Windows 2.0. Windows 3.

Windows 3.1x refers to a series of graphical operating environments produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows 3.x family, which were released in the early 1990s. The most notable versions include Windows 3.1, Windows for Workgroups 3.11, and Windows 3.2. ### Key Features of Windows 3.1x: 1. **Graphical User Interface (GUI)**: Windows 3.

Windows NT 3.1, released in July 1993, is a significant operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family. It was the first version of the Windows NT series, which was designed to provide a robust, secure, and enterprise-level computing environment, distinguishing it from the consumer-oriented Windows 3.x series. Key features and characteristics of Windows NT 3.1 include: 1. **Architecture**: Windows NT 3.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, "Windows Pioneers" does not refer to a widely recognized program, service, or initiative from Microsoft or the broader tech community. It could refer to an emerging program, a specific event, or an initiative that has been developed after my last update.

Norsk Data was a Norwegian computer company founded in 1970, primarily known for its work in the development and production of mini-computers. The company played a significant role in the early computing scene in Norway and had a notable impact on the Nordic region. ### Key Points in Norsk Data's History: 1. **Foundation and Early Years (1970-1980s):** - Norsk Data was established by a group of engineers, including Jon F. H.

Sony Corporation, a multinational conglomerate based in Japan, has a rich history that dates back to its founding in 1946. Here’s an overview of the company’s key developments over the decades: ### 1940s: Founding - **Founding**: Sony was founded on May 7, 1946, as Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita in a small radio repair shop in Tokyo, Japan.