Valence and conduction bands

In solid-state physics, the concepts of valence and conduction bands are essential for understanding the electronic properties of materials, particularly semiconductors and insulators. ### Valence Band - The **valence band** is the energy band that contains the valence electrons of the atoms in a solid. These electrons are involved in the formation of chemical bonds and are typically localized around their respective atoms. - In most materials, the valence band is fully occupied with electrons at absolute zero temperature.