Evolution from Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine

The evolution from the Francis turbine to the Kaplan turbine represents significant advancements in hydraulic turbine technology, reflecting changes in design, efficiency, and operating conditions for hydroelectric power generation. ### Francis Turbine 1. **Introduction**: The Francis turbine, developed by James B. Francis in the mid-19th century, was one of the first efficient types of turbines for medium to high head applications. It operates on the principle of converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.